The need for global regulatory harmonization: A public health imperative.

DRUG REGULATION SERVES TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH. DONE RIGHT, IT DRIVES THE ongoing assessment of product safety, efficacy, and quality and promotes the development and availability of new and better products. However, in our modern world, the mosaic of regulations that govern drug development and oversight nation by nation are creating unnecessary barriers to the efficient delivery of safe, innovative, and effective treatments to patients in need. The need for the oversight of drugs and the creation of regulatory authorities has a long history, dating back at least to the “ApothecaryWares, Drugs, and Stuffs Act” of 1540 in England (1). In the years since, scientific knowledge and the scope of the pharmaceutical industry have increased, and regulatory authorities and their laws and regulations have grown in number, breadth, and complexity in almost every nation in the world. At the same time, globalization is blurring distinctions between foreign and domestic pharmaceutical products. Public health and innovation are no longer purely national issues, and the need for regulatory authorities to bring a global view to oversight grows ever more urgent. When FDA was first established many decades ago, U.S.-regulated industries were predominantly local, and the volume of imported products was low. Today, a large proportion of drugs or medical products on the shelves of a pharmacy or hospital come, at least in part, from some international source. In fact, nearly 40% of drugs and some 50% of medical devices that are used by Americans are made elsewhere. An astonishing 80% of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in drugs used in the United States are manufactured outside of its borders. Pharmaceutical companies conduct research and development (R&D) on every continent, and their supply chains are increasingly global. Globalization has fundamentally altered the economic and innovation landscapes. This comes at a time when many regulatory authorities are already struggling to keep up with rapid advances in science and technology as well as the growing complexity of medical products and product development, manufacturing, and supply. Additional pressures come from mounting economic and political desire to manage public spending and product costs. In this context, we require a new strategic regulatory approach to ensure product safety, efficacy, and quality. Greater harmonization—coordination and alignment of regulatory rules— across nations would clearly benefit all stakeholders. So why has there not been more substantial global harmonization of essential regulatory activities such as product review, approval, labeling, supply-chain quality, and pharmaco-vigilance (which involves the postmarket monitoring of the effects of drugs)? Nations, of course, have sovereign approaches to legal-regulatory frameworks based on their own history, politics, and sociocultural values. The degree of acceptable risks and benefits, disease burden, vulnerable populations, privacy concerns, and the social and economic costs that vary across borders all can lead to regulatory divergence. Many regulators are also underresourced and struggle to acquire and maintain the necessary quality and number of experts to fully engage with stakeholders and keep pace with rapid advances in the volume and complexity of the products before them (2). Gaps in both the development of a unified body of regulatory science (3) and the availability of a well-trained regulatory workforce (4) also make global alignment more challenging. In this world of growing public health needs, limited resources, and incessant demand for more, faster, cheaper, and better treatments, regulatory harmonization would have many benefits. Certainly, it could increase efficiencies and reduce costs, avoiding, for example, the duplication of effort when regulatory authorities perform overlapping reviews and inspections of clinical or manufacturing sites for similar purposes. Greater harmonization could enhance R&D, as discordant rules and regulatory approaches add significantly to the cost, complexity, and time needed to bring therapies to patients. A significant and rising portion of R&D budgets is spent